What Is the Difference Between a Disc Extrusion, Disc Protrusion, and Disc Bulge in the Lumbar Spine?

A disc bulge involves symmetrical extension of the disc’s outer layer without tearing. A protrusion is more focal and may push outward slightly but remains contained. A disc extrusion, on the other hand, breaks through the disc’s outer wall, and may compress nerves severely.

All three conditions can occur in the lumbar spine and cause lower back pain or sciatica. Accurate imaging is essential for diagnosis and helps guide treatment, which ranges from conservative care to surgical intervention in the case of extrusion.

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